1 In 2D, measure from LVOT:
a On a frozen 2D image, press the calcs key.
b From the Calculations menu, select AV then LVOT D.
c Position the calipers.
d Save the calculation.
2 In Doppler, select AV, measure LVOT, and then measure the AV.
Measurement references
Aortic Valve Area (AVA) by Continuity Equation in cm
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, and A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual. 3rd Edition., Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and
Wilkins, (2007), p.73, 191-195.
A
= A
* V
/V
2
1
1
2
where:
A
= Ao valve area
2
A
= LVOT area(CSA)
1
V
= LVOT velocity(VMax)
1
V
= Ao valve velocity (VMax)
2
LVOT = Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
Pressure Gradient (PGr) in mmHG
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, and A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual. 3rd Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, and
Wilkins, (2007), p.63-66.
2
PGr = 4 * (Velocity)
Peak E Pressure Gradient (E PG)
2
E PG = 4 * PE
Peak A Pressure Gradient (A PG)
2
A PG = 4 * PA
Peak Pressure Gradient (PGmax)
2
PGmax = 4 * PV
Mean Pressure Gradient (PGmean)
Echocardiographic Assessment of Valve Stenosis: EAE/ASE Recommendations for Clinical Practice Journal
of American Society of Echocardiography, (January, 2009), 4-5.
6
2
Measurement references