=
=
qeb=j^`efkb=albp=klq=`ib^k=molmboiv=
NK= qÜÉ= ÄêìëÜÉë= Çç= åçí= Ü~îÉ= íÜÉ= ëìáí~ÄäÉ= ÄêáëíäÉ= ÇáJ
ãÉåëáçåW=Åçåí~Åí=íÜÉ=~ìíÜçêáòÉÇ=íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä=~ëëáëí~åÅÉK=
OK= qÜÉ= ÄêìëÜÉë= Ü~îÉ= Öçí= ïçêå= ÄêáëíäÉëK= `ÜÉÅâ= íÜÉ=
ÄêìëÜÉë=ïÉ~ê=ÅçåÇáíáçå=~åÇ=ÉîÉåíì~ääó=êÉéä~ÅÉ=íÜÉã=
EíÜÉ= ÄêìëÜÉë= Ü~îÉ= íç= ÄÉ= êÉéä~ÅÉÇ= ïÜÉå= íÜÉ= ÄêáëíäÉë=
Ü~îÉ=êÉ~ÅÜÉÇ=~=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=~Äçìí=KSMÒLNRããFK=
qç=êÉéä~ÅÉ=íÜÉ=ÄêìëÜÉëI=ëÉÉ=áåëíêìÅíáçåë=ìåÇÉê=é~ê~J
Öê~éÜ= _orpebp= afp^ppbj_ivÒ= ~åÇ= _orpebp= ^pJ
pbj_ivÒK=
=
moldo^jjba=j^fkqbk^k`b=
=
fkqbosbkqflk=
ob`lsbov=q^kh=`ib^kfkd=
pr`qflk=cfiqbo=`ib^kfkd=
plirqflk=q^kh=cfiqbo=`ib^kfkd=
_orpebp=`ib^kfkd=
_orpebp=afp^ppbj_iv=^ka=`ib^kfkd=
pnrbbdbb=`ib^kfkd=
colkq=pnrbbdbb=or__bo=obmi^`bjbkq=
ob^o=pnrbbdbb=or__bo=obmi^`bjbkq=
pmi^pe=dr^oa=or__bo=obmi^`bjbkq=
`eb`h=pnrbbdbb=^agrpqjbkq=
pnrbbdbb=elpb=`ib^kfkd=
plirqflk=q^kh=`ib^kfkd=
`eb`h=_^qqbofbp=bib`qolivqb=
`eb`h=lc=qeb=_o^hb=
qo^`qflk=jlqlo=`eb`h=
_orpebp=jlqlo=`eb`h=
pr`qflk=jlqlo=`eb`h=
`eb`h=_orpebp=_^pb=dolrm=
p`obt=qfdeqbkfkd=
=
G=qÜÉ=Üçìêë=êÉÑÉê=íç=íÜÉ=çåÉë=áåÇáÅ~íÉÇ=çå=íÜÉ=Çáëéä~ó=EëÉÉ=ìåÇÉê=é~ê~Öê~éÜ=Òelro=jbqboÒFK=
=
=
ob`ljjbkaba=_orpebp=
_êìëÜÉë=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ÅÜçëÉå=ÇÉéÉåÇáåÖ=çå=íóéÉ=çÑ=Ñäççê=~åÇ=Çáêí=íç=ÄÉ=êÉãçîÉÇK=
qÜÉ=ÉãéäçóÉÇ=ã~íÉêá~ä=~åÇ=íÜÉ=ÄêáëíäÉë=Çá~ãÉíÉê=~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=íÜ~í=ÇáëíáåÖìáëÜ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåí=íóéÉë=çÑ=ÄêìëÜÉëK=
=
j^qbof^i=
mmi=EmçäóéêçéóäÉåÉF=
kvilk=
qvkbu=
_ofpqibp=qef`hkbpp=
=
=
=
m^a=eliabo=
=
=
j^`efkb=
`lab=
_a=PPLPM=
QUVMPNOM=
VVTUM=
=
QUVMPNPM=
=
QUVMPNQM=
=
QUVMPNRM=
=
QUUMPMOM=
=
QUUMPMRM=
=
QUUMPMSM=
=
=
PK= qÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêÖÉåí=ëçäìíáçå=áë=áåëìÑÑáÅáÉåíW=çéÉå=ãçêÉ=
íÜÉ=ëçäìíáçå=î~äîÉ=EëÉÉ=ìåÇÉê=é~ê~Öê~éÜ= cilt=^aJ
grpqjbkq=lc=qeb=abqbodbkq=plirqflkÒFK==
QK= `ÜÉÅâ=íÜ~í=íÜÉ=äáèìáÇ=ÇÉíÉêÖÉåí=áë=áå=íÜÉ=êÉÅçãJ
ãÉåÇÉÇ=éÉêÅÉåí~ÖÉK=
RK= fåÅêÉ~ëÉ=íÜÉ=ÄêìëÜÉë=Ä~ëÉ=éêÉëëìêÉ=EëÉÉ=ìåÇÉê=é~J
ê~Öê~éÜ=?^agrpqjbkq=lc=qeb=_orpebp=mobpprob?FK=
`çåí~Åí= íÜÉ= ~ìíÜçêáòÉÇ= íÉÅÜåáÅ~ä= ~ëëáëí~åÅÉ= Ñçê= ~ÇJ
îáÅÉK=
=
=
qeb=pnrbbdbb=albp=klq=aov=mbocb`qiv=
NK `ÜÉÅâ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ëìÅíáçå= ÑìåÅíáçå= áë= çå= ~åÇ= íÜ~í=
íÜÉ=êÉÅçîÉêó=í~åâ=áë=åçí=ÑìääK=
OK `ÜÉÅâ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ëèìÉÉÖÉÉ= êìÄÄÉêë= ~êÉ= ÅäÉ~å= EëÉÉ=
ìåÇÉê=é~ê~Öê~éÜ= pnrbbdbb=`ib^kfkdÒFK=
PK `ÜÉÅâ=íÜÉ=~ÇàìëíãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÜÉáÖÜí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=áåJ
Åäáå~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëèìÉÉÖÉÉ=EëÉÉ=ìåÇÉê=é~ê~Öê~éÜ= ^aJ
grpqjbkq=lc=qeb=pnrbbdbbÒFK=
`e^o^`qbofpqf`p=
dççÇ=ïÉ~ê=êÉëáëí~åÅÉK=j~áåí~áåë=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=ïáíÜ=Üçí=ï~íÉê=ìé=íç=SMø`K=fí=áë=åçí=ÜóÖêçëÅçéáÅK=
bñÅÉääÉåí=ïÉ~ê=êÉëáëí~åÅÉI=ÉîÉå=ïáíÜ=Üçí=ï~íÉê=çîÉê=SMø`K=fí=áë=ÜóÖêçëÅçéáÅK=fí=äççëÉë=áíë=éÜóëáÅ~ä=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅë=çîÉê=íÜÉ=íáãÉK=
kóäçå=ÄêáëíäÉë=ïáíÜ=Öê~áåë=çÑ=~Äê~ëáîÉ=ã~íÉêá~äK=rëÉ=ïáíÜ=Å~ìíáçå=áå=çêÇÉê=åçí=íç=ã~êâ=íÜÉ=Ñäççê=çê=êìáå=íÜÉ=éçäáëÜáåÖK=
qÜáÅâÉê=ÄêáëíäÉë=~êÉ=ãçêÉ=êáÖáÇ=~åÇ=ãìëí=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=çå=ëãççíÜ=Ñäççê=çê=Ñäççê=ïáíÜ=ëã~ää=àçáåíëK=lå=áêêÉÖìä~ê=Ñäççêë=ïáíÜ=ÇÉÉé=àçáåíë=çê=
êÉäáÉîÉëI=áí=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=ìëÉ=ëçÑíÉê=ÄêáëíäÉë=ïÜáÅÜ=éÉåÉíê~íÉ=ãçêÉ=É~ëáäó=~åÇ=ÇÉÉéÉêK=mäÉ~ëÉ=ÄÉ=~ï~êÉ=íÜ~í=ïÜÉå=ÄêìëÜ=ÄêáëíäÉë=
~êÉ=ïçêå=çìí=~åÇ=íÜÉêÉÑçêÉ=íçç=ëã~ääI=íÜÉó=ÄÉÅçãÉ=êáÖáÇ=~åÇ=ìå~ÄäÉ=íç=éÉåÉíê~íÉ=~åÇ=ÅäÉ~å=ÇÉÉéÉêK=qÜáë=ã~ó=~äëç=Ü~ééÉå=ïáíÜ=
íÜáÅâÉê=ÄêáëíäÉë=ÅêÉ~íáåÖ=ÄêìëÜ=îáÄê~íáçåK=
fí=áë=ÉèìáééÉÇ=ïáíÜ=~åÅÜçê=éçáåíë=ïÜáÅÜ=éÉêãáí=íÜÉ=ÄäçÅâáåÖ=çÑ=íÜÉ=~Äê~ëáîÉ=é~Ç=ÇìêáåÖ=ïçêâK=qÜÉ=é~Ç=áë=êÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ=íç=ÅäÉ~å=
ëãççíÜ=ÑäççêëK=
nr^kqfqv=
abp`ofmqflk=
O=
_êìëÜ=mmi=MIS=Õ=NTÒLQPMãã=
O=
_êìëÜ=mmi=MIV=Õ=NTÒLQPMãã=
O=
_êìëÜ=qvkbu=Õ=NTÒLQPMãã=
O=
_êìëÜ=RJãáñ=Õ=NTÒLQPMãã=
O=
m~Ç=ÜçäÇÉê=Õ=NSKTÒLQORãã=
O=
m~Ç=ÜçäÇÉê=Õ=NSKTÒLQORãã=H=ÅÉåíÉê=äçÅâ=ÖêÉÉå=
O=
m~Ç=ÜçäÇÉê=Õ=NSKTÒLQORãã=H=ÅÉåíÉê=äçÅâ=Ää~Åâ=
=
=
=
a^fiv=
OM=elrop=G=
=
•=
• ==
=
=
• ==
• ==
=
• ==
=
• ==
=
=
=
=
• ==
=
=
=
• ==
=
• ==
=
• =
=
• ==
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
rpb=
kçêã~ä=ÑäççêëK=
pãççíÜ=Ñäççêë=ïáíÜ=ëã~ää=àçáåíë=~åÇ=éÉêëáëíÉåí=ÇáêíK=
cäççêë=çÑ=êÉëáëí~åí=ã~íÉêá~ä=~åÇ=é~êíáÅìä~êäó=ÇáêíóK=
cçê=~ää=íóéÉë=çÑ=ÑäççêëK=
cçê=é~Çë=çÑ=NTÒI=Ñçê=ëãççíÜ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=ÅäÉ~åáåÖK=
cçê=é~Çë=çÑ=NTÒI=Ñçê=ëãççíÜ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=ÅäÉ~åáåÖK=
cçê=é~Çë=çÑ=NTÒI=Ñçê=ëãççíÜ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉë=ÅäÉ~åáåÖK=
NT
QK `ÜÉÅâ= íÜ~í= íÜÉ= ëìÅíáçå= ~åÇ= íÜÉ= ëèìÉÉÖÉÉ= ÜçëÉë=
~êÉ=ÅçêêÉÅíäó=áåëÉêíÉÇ=áå=íÜÉáê=éêçéÉê=ëÉ~íë=çå=íÜÉ=êÉJ
ÅçîÉêó=í~åâK=
RK `äÉ~å= íÜÉ= ëìÅíáçå= ÑáäíÉê= EëÉÉ= ìåÇÉê= é~ê~Öê~éÜ=
pr`qflk=cfiqbo=`ib^kfkdÒFK=
SK `äÉ~å= íÜÉ= ëèìÉÉÖÉÉ= ÜçëÉ= EëÉÉ= ìåÇÉê= é~ê~Öê~éÜ=
pnrbbdbb=elpb=`ib^kfkdÒFK=
TK oÉéä~ÅÉ=íÜÉ=êìÄÄÉêë=áÑ=ïçêå=çìíK=
=
bu`bppfsb=cl^j=molar`qflk=
`ÜÉÅâ=íÜ~í=äçï=Ñç~ã=ÇÉíÉêÖÉåí=Ü~ë=ÄÉÉå=ìëÉÇK=bîÉåJ
íì~ääó= ~ÇÇ= ëã~ää= èì~åíáíáÉë= çÑ= ~åíá= Ñç~ã= äáèìáÇ= áåíç=
íÜÉ=êÉÅçîÉêó=í~åâK=
mäÉ~ëÉ= ÄÉ= ~ï~êÉ= íÜ~í= ~= ÄáÖÖÉê= èì~åíáíó= çÑ= Ñç~ã= áë=
éêçÇìÅÉÇ=ïÜÉå=íÜÉ=Ñäççê=áë=åçí=îÉêó=ÇáêíóK=få=íÜáë=Å~J
ëÉ=éäÉ~ëÉ=ÇáäìíÉ=ÇÉíÉêÖÉåí=ëçäìíáçåK=
=
=
=
=
OMM=elrop=G=
=
=
=
=
=
=
• ==
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
• =
• =
=
=
NMMM=elrop=G=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
• ==
=
=
=
=
• =
• =
• ==
=
=
• ==