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The daily motion of the Sun across the sky is familiar to even the most casual observer. This daily trek is not the Sun moving as
early astronomers thought, but the result of the Earth's rotation. The Earth's rotation also causes the stars to do the same, scribing
out a large circle as the Earth completes one rotation. The size of the circular path a star follows depends on where it is in the
sky. Stars near the celestial equator form the largest circles rising in the east and setting in the west. Moving toward the north
celestial pole, the point around which the stars in the northern hemisphere appear to rotate, these circles become smaller. Stars in
the mid-celestial latitudes rise in the northeast and set in the northwest. Stars at high celestial latitudes are always above the
horizon, and are said to be circumpolar because they never rise and never set. You will never see the stars complete one circle
because the sunlight during the day washes out the starlight. However, part of this circular motion of stars in this region of the
sky can be seen by setting up a camera on a tripod and opening the shutter for a couple hours. The processed film will reveal
semicircles that revolve around the pole. (This description of stellar motions also applies to the southern hemisphere except all
stars south of the celestial equator move around the south celestial pole.)
All stars appear to rotate around the celestial poles. However, the appearance of this motion
varies depending on where you are looking in the sky. Near the north celestial pole the stars
scribe out recognizable circles centered on the pole (1). Stars near the celestial equator also
follow circular paths around the pole. But, the complete path is interrupted by the horizon.
These appear to rise in the east and set in the west (2). Looking toward the opposite pole, stars
curve or arc in the opposite direction scribing a circle around the opposite pole (3).
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Figure 6-2
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