/XNX
$ONXDVHWXV
6XRVLWXV HQQHQ DORLWWDPLVWD
$VHWXNVHQ DLNDQD DVHWHWDDQ WDSLW PDDKDQ 7lPlQ KHOSRWWDPLVHNVL
VXRVLWWHOHPPH HWWl QXUPLNNR OHLNDWDDQ MD NDVWHOODDQ HQQHQ DORLWWDPLVWD
9DOPLVWDXWXPLQHQ
9DUPLVWD HWWl NDLNNL DVHWXNVHHQ WDUYLWWDYDW RVDW RYDW NlVLOOl 3LGl 5RERPRZ
ODDWLNNRD OlKHWW\YLOOl QlLQ NDLNNL RVDW RYDW Nl\WHWWlYLVVl
/LVlNVL RQ Nl\WHWWlYl VHXUDDYLD W\|NDOXMD 9DVDUD SLHQHW ODWWD MD
ULVWLSllUXXYLPHLVVHOLW \KGLVWHOPlSLKGLW
.HKlMRKWLPHQ DVHWWDPLQHQ
(QQHQ DVHWWDPLVHQ DORLWWDPLVWD WDUYLWDDQ VXXQQLWHOPD NHKlMRKWLPHQ
DVHWXNVHVWD MD WXNLDVHPDQ VLMDLQQLVWD 6XXQQLWHOPDQ WXOLVL RWWDD KXRPLRRQ
VHXUDDYDW VHLNDW NDWVR NRKGDW
U 0LQNl W\\SSLVLl QXUPLNNRDOXHLWD YDOPLVWHOODDQ"
9DLQ SllY\|K\NH 3ll DODY\|K\NNHHW (ULOOLVHW Y\|K\NNHHW
W\\SSLHQ \KGLVWHOPl
U 2QNR QXUPLNROOD VXRMDWWXMD WDL SRLV MlWHWW\Ml DOXHLWD"
NHKlVDDUHNNHLWD
U 2QNR ROHPDVVD NDOWHYLD WDVRMD MRLWD 5RERPRZ
Q WXOLVL YlOWWll"
U 2QNR ROHPDVVD XLPDDOWDLGHQ ODPSLHQ NDOOLRLGHQ MQH UHXQRMD MRWND
WDUYLWVHYDW OLVlHWlLV\\WWl NHKlMRKWLPHVWD"
$ORLWXVNRKWD .HKlMRKGLQ WXNLDVHPDQ DOXHHOOD
P 6LMRLWD WXNLDVHPD VXXQQLWHOPDVL PXNDLVHVWL HWXSXROL NHKlOOl
YDVWDSlLYllQ
bOl VLMRLWD WXNLDVHPDD PQ VLVlOOH NXOPDVWD
P 9DOLWVH MRKGLQUXOOD MRQND SllKlQ RQ NLLQQLWHWW\ YLKUHl SDOVWDOLLWLQ 7RLVLVVD
UXOOLVVD HL ROH OLLWLQWl SllVVl
P 9HGl SDOVWDOLLWLQ MD KLHPDQ VLLKHQ OLLWHWW\l MRKGLQWD XORV
PXRYLVXRMXNVHVWD
bOl SRLVWD MRKGLQNHODD VHQ VXRMXNVHVWD
0XRYLVXRMXV RQ MRKWLPHQ V\|WW|ODLWH
P .LLQQLWl MRKWLPHQ DONX PDDKDQ NRKWDDQ MRVVD WXNLDVHPD WXOHH
VLMDLWVHPDDQ
7DSLW RQ WRLPLWHWWX 5RERPRZODDWLNRVVD
P 9HGl XORV FP MRKGLQWD MD MlWl VH O|\VlNVL WXNLDVHPDQ VLMDLQQLQ OlKHOOH
0\|KHPPLQ DVHWXNVHQ ORSSXYDLKHHVVD WlPl MRKWLPHQ RVD VXONHH
NHKlMRKWLPHQ VLOPXNDQ
P $ORLWD MRKWLPHQ YHWlPLQHQ YDVWDSlLYllQ
P -DWND NHKlMRKWLPHQ YHWlPLVWl VHQ VXRMXNVHVWD DVHWD VH O|\VlVWL
NlYHOOHVVlVL QXUPLNRQ UHXQDD
-RV VDDYXW DOXHHOOH NRKWHHOOH MRND WDUYLWVHH KXRPLRWD WDL HULW\LVHW UDMDW
YDUPLVWD HWWl YHGlW NHKlMRKWLPHQ KXROHOOLVHVWL WDUSHHQ PXNDDQ
6HXUDDYLVVD NRKGLVVD NlVLWHOOllQ WlOODLVLD HULNRLVWDSDXNVLD
Luku 2 - Alkuasetus
64
$ONXDVHWXV
9DVDUD
<KGLVWHOPlSLKGLW
3LHQHW ODWWD MD
ULVWLSllUXXYLPHLVVHOLW
.HKlMRKGLQ ± lOl SRLVWD
PXRYLVXRMXVWD
-lWl FP
DORLWXVNRKWD
-RKWLPHQ YHWR
YDVWDSlLYllQ
¿