Edu Science M1280X 5F60960 Manual De Instrucciones página 5

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M1280x Microscope Set
specimen. Then, it passes through the
objective, the body of the microscope
and through the binoviewer eyepiece
into the eye. Many microorganisms in
water, parts of plants and the tiniest
animal parts are naturally transparent.
For other things, you must make them
transparent through a treatment or
penetration with the right materials
(media), or by taking the thinnest
slices from them using your hand or
a specimen slicer (not included) to
be able to examine them with your
microscope. You'll now find out how this
is done.
How to Produce Thin Specimen Slices
WARNING:
Only do this with an adult's supervision!
Ask your parents to help you! As
already mentioned, you need to get the
thinnest slices possible from an object
so that they are transparent and can be
looked at under the microscope. First,
you'll need a simple candle. Place the
wax from the candle in an old pot and
heat it on the stovetop until it becomes
liquid. Now, use tweezers (Fig. 25) to
dip the object in the liquid wax a few
times. Attention: The wax is very hot! Be
careful. After each dip, allow the wax to
harden and then dip the object into the
wax again. When the wax around the
object has hardened completely, you
can use a specimen slicer to cut thin
slices from it. These slices are to be laid
on a slide and covered with a cover slip
or slide cover (Fig. 19).
The Production of Specimens
There are two basic types of specimens:
Permanent specimens and short-term
specimens.
Short-term Specimens
Short-term specimens are produced
from objects that you want to look at,
but don't want to keep in your specimen
collection. These specimens are only
meant to be observed for a short period
of time, after which they are disposed
of. For short-term specimens, place the
object on the slide and place a cover
slip on top of it. After looking at the
object, clean the slide and the cover
slip. One of the secrets of successful
observation with your microscope is
the use of clean slides and cover slips.
Spots or stains would only distract you
when looking at an object.
Permanent Prepared Specimens
Permanent specimens are those
produced from objects that you would
like to look at again and again. The
preparation of dry objects (pollen, the
wings of a fly, etc.) can only be done
with special glue. You'll find such glue at
a local hobby store, identified as "gum
media." Objects that contain liquid must
first have the liquid taken out of them.
How to Prepare a Dry Object
First, place the object in the middle
of a clean slide and cover it with a
drop of glue (gum media). Then place
a cover slip on the object. Lightly
press the cover slip, so that the glue
spreads to the edges. Then let the
specimen harden for 2-3 days. When
the specimen is firmly glued, you will be
able to use it.
How to Prepare a Smear Specimen
For a smear specimen, a drop of the
liquid to be observed (e.g, water from
a puddle in the forest) is placed on the
end of the slide using a pipette (Fig. 24).
Then smear the liquid across the slide
with the help of a second slide. Before
observing, let the substance dry for a
few minutes.
Experiments
Experiment No. 1:
Black and White Print
Objects:
1. A small piece of paper from a
newspaper with a black and white
picture and some text
2. A similar piece of paper from a
magazine
In order to observe the letters and the
pictures, produce a short-term slide from
each object. Now, set your microscope
to the lowest magnification and use
the specimen from the newspaper. The
letters on the newspaper look frayed
and broken, since they are printed
on raw, low-quality paper. The letters
on the magazine look smoother and
more complete. The pictures in the
newspaper are made up of many tiny
dots, which appear slightly smudgy. The
pixels (halftone dots) of the magazine
picture are clearly defined.
Experiment No. 2:
Color Print
Objects:
1. A small piece of color printed
newspaper
2. A similar piece of paper from a color
printed magazine
Make short-term specimens
the objects and observe them with
the lowest magnification. The colored
halftone dots of the newspaper often
overlap. Sometimes, you'll even notice
two colors in one dot. In the magazine,
the dots appear clear and rich in
contrast. Look at the different sizes of
the dots.
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Experiment No. 3:
Textile Fibers
Objects and accessories:
1. Threads from various fabrics (e.g.
cotton, linen, wool, silk, rayon, nylon, etc.)
2. Two needles
Each thread is placed on a slide and
frayed with the help of the two needles.
Next, wet the threads and cover them
with a cover slip. Set the microscope
to one of the lower magnifications.
Cotton fibers come from a plant, and
look like a flat, twisted ribbon under
the microscope. The fibers are thicker
and rounder at the edges than in the
middle. Cotton fibers are basically long,
collapsed tubes. Linen fibers also come
from a plant, and they are round and run
in one direction. The fibers shine like
silk and exhibit countless bulges on the
thread. Silk comes from an animal and
is made up of solid fibers that are small
in diameter, in contrast to the hollow
plant-based fibers. Each fiber is smooth
and even and looks like a tiny glass
tube. The fibers of the wool also come
from an animal. The surface is made of
overlapping sleeves that look broken
and wavy. If possible, compare wool
from different weaving mills. In doing so,
take a look at the different appearance
of the fibers. Experts can determine
which country the wool came from by
doing this. Rayon is a synthetic material
that is produced by a long chemical
process. All the fibers have solid, dark
lines on the smooth, shiny surface. After
drying, the fibers curl into the same
position. Observe the differences and
the similarities.
Experiment No. 4:
Table Salt
Object: normal table salt.
First, place a few grains of salt on a
slide and observe the salt crystals with
the lowest setting of your microscope.
The crystals are tiny cubes and are all
the same shape.
Experiment No. 5:
Production of Salt Crystals
Objects and accessories:
1. Table salt
2. Test tube filled halfway with warm
water to dissolve salt
3. Cotton thread
4. Paper clips
from 5. Matchstick or pencil
Add salt to the water until it no longer
dissolves. We now have a saturated
salt solution. Wait until the water has
cooled. Fix a paper clip to the end of the
cotton thread. The paper clip serves as
a weight. Tie the other end of the cotton
thread into a knot, stick the match
through and dip the end with the paper
clip in the salt solution. Place the match